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语法知识——虚拟语气

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1.语气及其种类
语气是动词的一种形式,它表示动词的作用和说话人的意图和态度。
英语动词的语气分三种:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的。
祈使语气表示动作或状态是说话人的建议、请求、命令等。
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
2.虚拟语气的形式
虚拟语气有两种形式:be型虚拟语气和were型虚拟语气。Be 型虚拟语气是指不管主语是什么人称,动词一律用原形;were型虚拟语气是指不管主语是什么人称,动词一律用were(即过去时)。试比较:
I hope you can go with us.(表示一种有可能实现的愿望)
我希望你能同我们一起走。
I wish you could go with us.(表示一种完全不能实现的愿望)
我希望你能同我们一起走。
虚拟语气的用法
1.在非真实条件句中
⑴表示与现在事实相反:if从句用过去时,主句用should / would / could / might加不定式。如:
If she had time, she would / could / might go with you.
如果她有时间,她就会/能和你去。
⑵表示与过去事实相反:if从句用过去完成体,主句用should / would / could / might加不定式完成体。如:
If I had had the money last year, I should / would / could / might have bought a house.
如果我去年有了这些钱,我就会/可能买一所房子了。
⑶表示未来实现可能性极小,if从句用should / were to,主句用should / would / could / might加不定式。如:
If there should be / were / were to be something wrong, they would / could / might let you know at once.
如果出了什么事,他们会/可能马上告诉你。
2.在wish后的that从句中
主要表示愿望,that常省略。如果指现在或将来的愿望,从句用过去时;如果指过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望,从句用过去完成体。如:
I wish it were summer now.
现在要是夏天该多好。
I wish I knew his address.
(I am sorry I don‘t know his address.)
可惜我不知道他的地址。
I wish you had written to her.
(I‘m sorry you didn’t write to her.)
可惜你没写信给她。
如果将wish改为wished,其后that从句中的时、体形式不变。试比较:
I wish I hadn‘t spent so much money.
(I am sorry I spent so much money.)
I wished I hadn‘t spent so much money.
(I was sorry I had spent so much money.)
我后悔不该花那么多钱。
如果that从句中用would,可以表示请求,通常表示说话人的不满或不快。如:
The radio is too loud, I wish you would turn it down.
我希望你能把收音机的音量调小一点儿。
I wish it would stop raining.
但愿雨能停下来。
另外,与wish这种用法一致的还有would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿),had rather(宁愿)等词或短语后面的从句中,谓语动词应使用一般过去时,表示与现在相反的虚拟语气,表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时。如:
I would rather you came next month.
我宁愿你下个月来。
3.在主语从句中
虚拟语气常用在以It is / was开头的复合句的主语从句中,表示要求、建议、命令、提议等,其谓语形式往往为“should+动词原形”,在美语中,常常省略should.如:
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.
有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is requested that the rules (should) be protected.
已请求章程是受保护的。

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