2007版--翻译(强化)－2
第二部分 英译汉全真模拟试题 （Passages 1-10)
Passage 1 Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (10 points) 71) The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U. S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness. Our reactions are formed on the terror level. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst. The result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs （自疑有病者), a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention. Somewhere in our early education we become addicted to the notion that pain means sickness. 72) We fail to learn that pain is the body's way of informing the mind that we are doing something wrong, not necessarily that something is wrong. We don't understand that pain may be telling us that we are eating too much or the wrong things; or that we are smoking too much or drinking too much; or that there is too much emotional congestion in our lives; or that we are being worn down by having to cope daily with overcrowded streets and highways, the pounding noise of garbage grinders, or the cosmic distance between the entrance to the airport and the departure gate, we get the message of pain all wrong. 73) Instead of addressing ourselves to the cause, we become pushovers for pills, driving the pain underground and inviting it to return with increased authority. 74) Early in life, too, we become seized with the bizarre idea that we are constantly assaulted by invisible monsters called germs, and that we have to be on constant alert to protect ourselves against their fury. Equal emphasis, however, is not given to the presiding fact that our bodies are superbly equipped to deal with the little demons, and that the best way of forestalling an attack is to maintain a sensible life-style. The most significant single statement about health to appear in the medical journals during the past decade is by Dr. Franz Ingelfinger, the late and former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine. Ingelfinger noted that almost all illnesses are self-limiting. That is, the human body is capable of handling them without outside intervention. 75) The thrust of the article was that we need not feel we are helpless if disease tries to tear away at our bodies, and that we can have greater confidence in the reality of a healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems. And even when outside help is required, our own resources have something of value to offer in a combined strategy of treatment. Passage 2 When offices are planned the attention paid to the correct use of space, and individual and company needs, is often totally inadequate. 71) Bad planning can frustrate the manager and employee and reduce their level of performance. This is why so much research has been undertaken since the war into effective office planning. There is a growing realisation that investment in people means that their needs should be thoroughly analysed and provided for. It has encouraged a number of office planning approaches. 72) The best of these approaches take into account not just the physical aspects of a building but the complex individual and group relationships which need to be understood before a plan is implemented. A man's personal preference is always for his own separate office. Where this can be achieved it provides privacy and special advantages for him. However, it is quite uneconomic for most organisations to provide such facilities on anything but a limited scale. 73) Moreover the corporate needs for good communications, smooth exchange of ideas and paper work, and flexibility demand a different form of planning. Preoccupation with rental costs has led in the past to openplan offices which in the worst circumstances are laid out in such a regimented fashion that the atmosphere is totally impersonal. Nevertheless, costs must be faced realistically. Perhaps the best balance between the needs of most of the employees and the needs of the company are to be found in landscaped offices. Developed in Germany in the late 1950s, landscaping, or Burolandschaft as it is sometimes called, seeks to achieve good communications and information flow by the correct juxtaposition of departments. 74) Its aim is to provide a pleasing working environment for all, coupled with economic use of space and the ability on management's part to alter office layout to cope with changes in working methods. Ideally a floor area of not less than 6000 sq.ft.is required, generally in the form of a square or rectangle the sides of which have a ratio of less than two to one. Employees are grouped together in clusters, in accordance with a plan that takes into account work flow and desirable relationships across traditional organisational barriers. Such groups are identified and separated by movable screens. 75) An acceptable general noise level is achieved by careful acoustic control to provide aural privacy and mask intrusive noise. Passage 3 All great writers express their ideas in an individual way: it is often possible to determine the authorship of a literary passage from the style in which it is written. 71) Many authors feel that the conventions of the written language hamper them and they use words freely, with little observance of accepted grammar and sentence structure, in order to convey vividly their feelings. beliefs and fantasies. Others with a deep respect for traditional usage achieve a style of classical clearness and perfection or achieve effects of visual or musical beauty by their mastery of existing forms enriched by a sensitive and adventurous vocabulary, vivid imagery and a blending of evocative vowels and consonants. Young people often feel the need to experiment and, as a result, to break away from the traditions they have been taught. In dealing with a foreign language, however, they have to bear in mind two conditions for experiment. 72) Any great experimental artist is fully familiar with the conventions from which he wishes to break free; he is capable of achievement in established forms but feels these are inadequate for the expression of his ideas. In the second place, he is indisputably an outstanding artist who has something original to express; otherwise the experiments will appear pretentious, even childish. Few students can achieve so intimate an understanding of a foreign language that they can explore its resources freely and experimentally. Not all feel the need to do so. 73) And in any case examination candidates need to become thoroughly acquainted with conventional usage as it is a sure knowledge of accepted forms that examiners look for. The student undertaking a proficiency course should have the ability to use simple English correctly to express everyday facts and ideas. 74) This ability to express oneself in a foreign language on a basis of thinking in that language without reference to one's own is essential at all stages of learning. Students with extensive experience in translation who have had little practice in using the foreign language directly must, above all, write very simply at first, using only easy constructions which they are convinced are correct, forgetting for the time being their own language and rigorously avoiding translating from it. More complex forms, more varied vocabulary and sentence structure should evolve naturally in step with the student's increasing knowledge of the language. The student introduces a certain form or construction only when he is thoroughly familiar with it and is certain that it is normally used in this way. As he achieves additional conidence, he can begin to take an interest in the use of the language to create diverse effects. He may want to convey impressions of suspense, calm, dignity, humour, of music or poetry. 75) He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description. But he will still write within the limits of Ms ability and knowledge. And, as a learner, he will still be studying and observing conventional English usage in all that he writes. passage 4 We usually assume that an innate characteristic of human beings is the close and immediate attachment between the newborn child and its parents, especially its mother. Because abandonment or abuse of children seems to defy such beliefs, we are baffled by reports of widespread parental abuse of children. A look at the past may provide a different perspective on the present. According to some scholars, maternal indifference to infants may have been typical of the Middle Ages. Aries says there is evidence that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries parents showed little affection for their children, and Edward Shorter argues that this indifference was probably typical among the ordinary people of Western Europe, even in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 71) The death of young children seems to have been accepted casually, and although overt infanticide was frowned upon, allowing children to die was sometimes encouraged, or at least tolerated. For example, in Western Europe it was common for mothers to leave infants at foundling hospitals or with rural wet nurses, both of which resulted in very high mortality rates. 72) Whether these practices were typically the result of economic desperation, the difficulty of raising an out-of-wedlock child, or lack of attachment to an infant is not clear, but the fact that many well-to-do married women casually chose to give their infants to wet nurses, despite the higher mortality risks, suggests that the reasons were not always economic difficulty or fear of social stigma. While the practice of overt infanticide and child abandonment may have been relatively widespread in parts of Western Europe, it does not seem to have been prevalent in either England or America. 73) Indeed, authorities in both those countries in the sixteenth century prosecuted infanticide cases more vigorously than other forms of murder, and the practice of leaving infants with wet nurses went out of fashion in England by the end of the eighteenth century. By the eighteenth century in Western Europe, parents were expressing more interest in their children and more affection for them, and by the nineteenth century, observers were beginning to criticize parents for being too child-centered. Nevertheless parents were still not prevented from abusing their own children, as long as it did not result in death. 74) Because the parent-child relationship was regarded as sacred and beyond State intervention, it was not until the late nineteenth century that reformers in England were able to persuade law makers to pass legislation to protect children from abusive parents. 75) Ironically, efforts to prevent cruelty to animals preceded those to accomplish the same ends for children by nearly a half century. Passage 5 A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behaviour. 71) He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending. If an economist were asked which of the three groups borrow most — people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes — he would probably answer, those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with stable incomes were next and people with declining incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. 72) Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. "In a few months," she said, "We'll have to pay more for meat and milk; We'll have less to spend on other things." Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. 73) Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer's resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: "I just don' t pay these prices; they are too high. Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. 74) Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability. 75) If prices have been stable and people have been accustomed to consider them "right" and expect them to remain stable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology. Passage 6 Aging can be defined as the progressive deterioration, with the passage of time, of the structures and functions of a mature organism. This ultimately leads to the death of the organism. 71) Either the progressive loss of function makes the organism less able to withstand infectious disease or, often, the failure of some vital organ precipitates the death of all the rest. Many fish and reptiles also seem to avoid, or at least inhibit, aging by continuing to grow throughout their lives. 72) We do not know just what brings on death, but it may simply be the same factors that cause death in younger members of the species: disease and predation. These challenges to life, acting in a completely random way, will eventually strike down all the members of a given generation. It is probably also true that fish and reptiles become less well adapted to their environment when they exceed a certain size. 73) In any case, the ability to grow steadily, even if slowly, does seem to protect them from the harmful effects of aging. Some marine turtles are estimated to live more than 150 years. Mammals, as we have seen, grow to a certain size and then stop. Some time after the cessation of growth, aging begins. The actual time span involved varies widely from species to species. A three-year-old laboratory rat is very old. 74) In man, although the deterioration associated with aging can be detected by the age of 30 years, fatal loss of function may not occur until much later. What are the symptoms of aging? 75) Decreased muscular strength, decreased lung capacity, decreased pumping of blood from the heart, decreased urine formation in the kidney, and decreased metabolic rate are just a few of the many body changes which occur with aging. Passage 7 Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. 71) They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish too see for humanity's capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least questioned. 72) Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that assert it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to "change our minds." 73) Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong. 74) For example, if someone claims that a certain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict the claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a steppingstone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every claim, so most of the time we must take somebody's word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one person's word is as good as another's and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable — if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as "unscientific." This has the long-run effect of compelling honest findings widely publicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing. 75) Sooner or later, mistakes (and lies) are bound to be found out; wishful thinking is bound to be exposed. The honesty so important to the progress of science thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists. Passage 8
As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life-food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 71) Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfil needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or, on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living. In other words, we either raise our standard of living above that necessary for comfort and happiness or we leave it at this level and work shorter hours. I shall take it as axiomatic (=assumed to be true without proof) that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human domestic servants will have completely ceased to exist. 72) Yet the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely from the routine operations of the home such as scrubbing the floors or the bath or the cooker, or washing the clothes or washing up, or dusting or sweeping, or making beds. The most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations (for example, scrubbing, sweeping and dusting, washing up, laying tables, making beds), when so switched by the housewife. 73) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine. 74) There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution. When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 per cent of them have the immediate reaction,' How soon can I buy one?' The other 10 per cent have the reaction,' I would be terrified to have it moving about my house' — but when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. In my own home we have found that, at first, the washing-up machine was regarded as a rival to the worker at the kitchen sink, but now there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. 75) Some families would be delighted, no doubt, to have the robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night, while others would prefer to have it done in the mornings, but this would be entirely a matter of choice. Passage 9 71)The amazing success of man as a species is the result of the evolutionary development of his brain which has led, among other things, to tool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in which the chimpanzee biologically resembles man lies in the structure of his brain. The chimpanzee, with his capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence more like that of man than does any other mammal living today. 72)The brain of the modern chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that so many millions of years ago directed the behavior of the first ape man. For a long time, the fact that prehistoric man made tools was considered to be one of the major criteria distinguishing him from other creatures. As I pointed out earlier, I have watched chimpanzees modify grass stems in order to use them to probe for termites. 73)It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion his tools to "a regular and set pattern''-but then, prehistoric man, before his development of stone tools, undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at which stage it seems unlikely that he made tools to a set pattern, either. 74) It is because of the close association in most people's minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool; but it is important to realize that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned. The fact that the Galapagos woodpecker finch uses a cactus spine or twig to probe insects from crevices in the bark is indeed a fascinating phenomenon, but it does not make the bird more intelligent than a genuine woodpecker that uses its long beak and tougue for the same purpose. 75) The point at which tool-using and tool-making, as such, acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes, and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble. At the Gombe Stream alone we have seen chimpanzees use objects for many different purposes. They use stems and sticks to capture and eat insects, and, if the material picked is not suitable, then it is modified. They use leaves to sop up water they cannot reach with their lips, and first they chew on the leaves and thus increase their absorbency. We have seen them use handfuls of leaves to wipe dirt from their bodies or to dab at wounds. Passage 10 The most important development will be the interconnection of "intelligent" items and computers. The whole network will offer far more in terms of saving labour than the mere elements alone. Whatever you want will be there when you want it. For example, if you wanted to cook a meal for friends, one of whom was a vegetarian, you could ask your oven for ideas. 71) It might suggest several recipes using the ingredients your fridge and cupboards had told it they contained which would be acceptable to all your guests while avoiding ingredients that you, the host, did not like. It could then cook it. This would probably mean more time to sit motionless in front of the television. Unless people chose to lead more active lives, there would be national epidemics of obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, cardio-vascular disease and hypertension. In the last two centuries, the average height has increased by 18in. 72) We are now in the middle of another great shift, but it's outwards and not upwards, because we fill our spare time with sedentary behaviour such as watching television. The problem posed by labour-saving devices is how to spend the saved time. While most people would sit in their homes, some white-collar workers might fill the time by working harder. The result could be a divided society. By 2050 we' re going to have a small number of hard-working rich and a vast majority of idle poor. 73)The social changes labour-saving devices will bring could also strain personal relationships, lead to unemployment and spark an anti-technology backlash. 74)We could become an impersonal society, preoccupied with technology, but there are going to be lots of people with low-paid jobs who won' t be liberated by it at all. However, mankind will rise to the challenge. We should not underestimate the amazing adaptability of human beings, 75) "If you are worried about getting too little exercise, someone would be happy to build a physical exercise machine so that you could burn calories while you sat at your desk." For the entrepreneurial capitalist the message is clear: invest in health clubs. 第二部分 英译汉全真模拟试题（Passage 1――10）答案
Passage 1 71．在一所医学院任教十二年来，我获得的主要印象是：当今美国头号健康问题，甚至比爱滋病或癌症更为严重的问题，就是美国人不知道如何去认识健康与疾病。 72．我们不知道，人本只是用疼痛这种方式通知大脑，是我们的行为出了差错，而并非一定是健康有问题。 73．我们不去探查其缘由，却大服其药，把疼痛压下去，从而招致它以更大的威力再次发作。 74．我们在少年时代就形成了一种奇怪的观念：一种肉眼看不见的叫做细菌的妖怪不断的向我们进攻，我们必须常备不懈地保护自己不受伤害。 75．这篇文章是主旨是：受到疾病攻击时，我们无需感到无助，而应对下述事实抱有充分的信心――人体的健康机制十分精巧，足以应付大部分疾病。 Passage 2 71．拙劣的设计会使经理的和雇员们感以灰心丧气，并且降低他们的工作表现水平，这就是为什么战后以来人们对有效的办分室设计作了大量研究的原因。 72．其中（这些方案中）的最佳方案不仅考虑到建筑物的自然结构，而且考虑到在实施一项设计方案之前就必需要了解的个人与整体之间复杂的关系。 73．此外，公司需要很好的交流、顺畅地交换意见和文书业务往来以及灵活的机动性，这就需要有一种不同的设计形式。 74．美化环境的目的是为全体人员提供一个惬意的工作环境，同时既能经济地使用空间，又能提高管理部门改变办分室布局以适应工作方法之改变的能力。 75．通过严格的音响控制可以使用权噪音保持在可以接受的一般水平地上，从而提供幽静的听觉环境并抵挡外来噪音的侵扰。 Passage 3 71．许多作者学得书面语的种种常规阻碍了他们,为了生动地表达他们的感情、思想和想象，他们几乎不注意公认的语法和句子结构而自由地使用词汇。 72．任何一位伟大的实验艺术家都有极其熟悉他意欲打破的常规：他有能力用公认的方式写作，但是感到那些方式不足以表达他的思想。 73．在任何情况下，应试者都必须彻底了解惯用法，因测试者认为惯用法是公认形式中应该掌握的知识。 74．这种不借助母语直接用外语思维并且用外语表达思想的能力在学习外语的各个阶段都是十分重要的。 75．他会掌握这样一门艺术：合乎逻辑地解释事物、正确无误地书写、用正式语言演讲、自然地与人交谈以及形象生动地描绘事物。 Passage 4 71. 人们似乎对婴儿的死亡一直并不在意，尽管公开杀死婴儿遭到反对，但人们对忽略儿童致死的行为有时是纵容至少是容忍的。 72．尽管这类做法是出于什么原因尚不清楚：是出于经济困难这一典型原因，还是由于抚养非婚子的窘迫，亦或是对婴儿缺乏感情，但许多富有的婚后女性宁愿冒婴儿死亡率高的危险而不负责任地将其婴儿交给乳母这一事实说明了以上做法并非源于经济困难或者是惧怕来自社会的羞辱。 73．的确，在十六世纪，英美两国当局对杀婴案的处理较之其它形式的谋杀案要严厉得多，到十八世纪末，将婴儿送与乳母喂养的做法在英国已不再流行。 74．由于父母与孩子之间的关系被视为是神圣的，不容政府干涉，直到十九世纪末，英国的改革者们才得以说服立法者通过立法保护儿童免受父母虐待。 75．具有讽刺意义的是，保护儿童权益的立法努力竟比保护动物的努力晚了近半个世纪。 Passage 5 71．他必须从消费者的财力及倾向于鼓励或阻碍人们花钱的动机这两方面获取数据。 72．另一种传统的假设是：如果有钱人估计物价会上涨，他们就赶快购买；如果他们估计物价下跌，他们就暂缓购买。 73．此外，已经上涨的物价可能会引起不满或买主的抵制。 74．然而，同时在英国进行的调查结果表明（消费行为）更加符合关于节俭和消费模式的传统假设。 75．如果物价稳定，而且人们也习惯地认为这样的价格“可以接受”并希望其保持稳定，他们就很有可能会购买。 Passage 6 71．这或许是由于生物体逐渐丧失功能，因而抵抗传染病的能力减退，或许往往是由于某一重要器官的衰退导致所有其他器官的死亡。 72．我们不清楚是什么原因导致死亡，但原因也许就是那些导致物种中年轻成员死亡的因素：疾病和被捕食。 73．不管怎样，它们稳定生长的能力，即使生长得很缓慢，的确像是保护着他们免受衰老的有害影响。 74．人虽然到30岁就有可能发现与衰老有关的退化现象，但功能的致命性丧失也许在很久以后才会发现。 75．肌力减退、肺活量降低、心泵血量减少、肾脏形成尿的能力下降以及代谢经率减缓，这些仅仅是伴随衰老而发生的许多身体变化中的几项。 Passage 7 71．他们必须竭尽全力把他们看到的同他们希望看到的区分开来——因为人类具有很大的自欺能力。 72．某种观点一旦接受，人们往往会特别注意那些似乎是证实这一观点的事例，而那些似乎与此观点相悖的事例则被歪曲、贬低或忽视。 73．然而，有能力的科学家必须善于改变看法，这是因为科学所追求的并不是捍卫我们已有的信念，而是改进它们，只有那些不迷恋于流行理论的人才能创造出更好的理论来。 74．例如，如果某人声称某一程序具有某种结果，那么通过某一程序来证实或推断这一断言的原则上是可行的。 75．错误（和谎言）迟早会被发现，痴心妄想注定要被揭穿。因此，对科学进步极为重要的诚实就成了与科学家自身利益息息相关的事情。 Passage 8 71．于是，我们面临着一种选择：要么运用技术提供和满足那些迄今尚被认为不必要的需求，要么运用技术缩短人们为维持一定生活水平而必须付出的工作时间。 72．可是，广大的家庭主妇却希望从日常家务中完全解放出来，例如：擦地板、澡盆、炊具、洗衣服、餐具、掸尘土、扫地和铺床。 73．它将是一部和汽车一样没有情感的机器，但它有一个指令储存器，并且有一定程度接受指令或固有的适应能力，即根据它发现各类物体所处的位置作相应的调整。 74．要生产这样的家用机器存在着各种问题，但目前我们已经有可能解决这些问题。 75．毫无疑问，有些家庭喜欢在晚上睡觉后让机器人做楼下所有的家务活儿，而另一些家庭则宁愿让这些活儿在早上做，但这完全是个选择问题。
Passage 9 71．人类作为一个物种其惊人的成功在于人类大脑进化发展的结果，这种结果引发了许多事情，其中包括工具的使用和制造，通过逻辑推理、细心合作、运用语言解决问题的能力。 72．现代黑猩猩的大脑大概同数百万年前指挥最早猿人举止的大脑没有多大的区别。 73．黑猩猩的确不能把它的工具造成“常规或固定的形状”，但是史前人类在石器发展以前毫无疑问也是用棍子、稻草摸索着发展，在那个阶段他似乎也不可能将工具制成固定形状。 74．正是由于在大多数为头脑中工具与人类的密切联系，人类才特别关注可以把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物，但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言并不表明这种动物有什么特别智慧。 75．当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。 Passage 10 71．炉灶可以根据冰箱和碗柜中现有的烹调原材料，拟好几套菜谱，既让所有的朋友满意，又能避免主人不喜欢的原料。 72．我们如今正处在另一个重要变化过程中，但这次变化是增加腰围而不是增加身高，因为我们是以看电视等久坐不动的方式打发闲暇时间。 73．节省劳动力的装置将带来的社会变化还有可能损坏人际关系，造成一部分人失业，甚至引发人们对技术的强烈抑制。 74．我们有可能成为一个没有人情味、专注于技术的社会，但是技术根本不能使许多事低收人职业的人得到解放。 75．如果你担心活动锻炼的时间太少，有人会乐于制造一种供你开展体育锻炼的机器，使你在关注于工作的同时消耗体内的热量。 |
