职称英语语法知识必备d
六、 不定代词 不具体指明代替特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every ,some,any, either,neither, each,one,no,none,many,a few,few,much,a little,little,another,other,others等;以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如somebody,someone,something;anybody,anyone,anything;nobody,no one,nothing;everybody,everyone,everything 。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。 3.一些不定代词的否定形式 (1)部分否定:not all…(all…not…),not both…(bom…not…); not ;not each…(each...not...) (2)全部否定:none(of)…,not any(of)…,not one of..., not a...no…, neither… 4.不定代词的句法作用 (1)all——指两个以上的人或物,或代替不可数名词。 ①作主语:All were present at the meeting·所有的人都出席了会议。 ②作宾语:Sorry,I've forgotten all about it. 对不起,我把此忘了。 ③作定语:All the books should be handed in.所有的书都应交上来。 ④作同位语:Do you know them-all?你都认识他们吗? ⑤作表语:That is all 1 want.那就是我所需要的。 (2)some与any——都具有名词和形容词的性质,都可修饰可数名词(单、复数)和不可数名词。 ①可分别用作 A.主语:Some of them ale reading.他们中有部分人在看书。 Is there any left?还有剩下的吗? B.宾语:If you have any,please give me some.你如果有,请我点。 C.定语:I have some questions to ask you.我有几个问题要请教你。 Do you have any questions to ask me?你有问题要问吗? ②用法辨析 A.some多用于肯定句,也可用于请求性的疑问句,表示希 望得到肯定的答复: Would you have some tea?你想喝点茶吗? B.some修饰可数名词单数时,表示“某一”,与数词连用时 表示“大约”:I,U come to see you some time next month. 下个月我会找个时间来看望你。 Some twenty students were late this morning.今天早上有大约二十名学生迟到。 C.any多用于否定句或疑问句中,也可用于条件句中; D.any用于肯定句时,表示“任何”:You Can take any book you like.你喜欢哪本,就拿哪本。 E.any还可用作状语,表示程度:Are you any better today? 你今天感觉好点吗? (3)both,either与neither——都指两个人或物 ①可分别用作: A.主语:Both(of the pencils)are broken.两支(铅笔)都断了。 E/either(of the pencils) is red.两支(铅笔)都是红的。 Neither(of them)is mine.这两个都不是我的。 B.宾语:I’ll take both(of them)with me.我把两个都带着。 You may take either(of them)with you. 这两个,随你拿一个。 He’ll agree with neither of you.他不会同意你俩的意见的。 C.定语:Both books are in English. 两本书都是用英语写的。 Y0u may read either book两本书,随你看哪一本。 I’ll buy neither book这两本书我都不想买。 ②both还可用作同位语:We are both students· 我俩都是学生。 We both like swimming.我俩都喜欢游泳。 (4)every与each——都指每一个 ①every只能作定语:We read English every day.我们每天朗读英语。 each可分别作 A.定语:He went to see his parents each month. 他每月都去看望父母。 B.主语:Each(of the boys)has done his work.每个(男孩)都做好了功课。 C.宾语:She gave each three pencils.她给每人三支铅笔。 D.同位语:They each have three pencils.他们每人有三支铅笔。 ②用法辨析 A.every含义与all相近,侧重“全体”;把事物一个个加以考虑时,多用each: Every child has got a present.每个孩子都拿到了礼物。 Each child has got a present.个个孩子都拿到了礼物。 B.every与all一样,指三者以上;each可指两者或两者以上: There are trees on each side of the street. 街道的每一旁都有树。 C.作定语时,each只能与可数名词单数搭配。every不仅可与单数名词搭配,还可与“基数词+复数名词”构成短语,表示“每……,,:every five days;并与body,。ne和thing构成复合不定代词:everybody,everything。 (5)one——代替前面已提到的可数名词,以避免重复: I haven,t got a computer.I’11 buy one.我没有电脑,我要买一个。 a可与定冠词连用:Do you like the one on the left?你喜欢左边那个吗? b可有自己的定语:Show me those small ones‘ 给我看那些小的。 c可用来泛指人:One should devote Oneselfto one’s country· 任何人都应为国家作贡献。 (6)no与none——都用于否定 ①no只能作定语,修饰名词:I have no money with me.我身边没钱。 none相当于名词,可用作主语:None of us call speak French.我们谁都不会说法语。 宾语:He took none of the pens,他没拿走钢笔。 同位语:We none of us said anything.我们谁都没发言。 ⑦none作主语,指不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数;指可数名词时,表示复数概念时,动词用复数形式;表示单数概念时,动词用单数形式: No,lP of“s have got a dictionary.(我们都没有词典。) No,lP ofus has got a dictionary.(我们中没一个有词典。) (1) many,a few,few与much,a little,little用于不可数名词(复数概念) many , a few , few .用于不可数名词(单数概念) much, a little, little ②这些词都叮用作定语:There are not many books on the shelf.架子上书不多。 She can speak a little French.她会讲几句法语: Does he have much interest in art?他对艺术感兴趣吗? 也可用作主语:Few of US know how to do the work. 我们没几个人知道该如何做? There is still much to be done.还有很多没干完的。 宾i~:How much do you want?你需要多少? 表语:How much is it?这要多少钱? ③用法辨析 many和much大多用于否定句或疑问句中;肯定句中多用a 10t of:He has口lot offriends in America.他在美国有许多朋友。 another与other、others (8)another与other、others 泛指 宾语:Show me another,please.请再拿一个给我看。 主语:Others are reading.有些人在看书。 定语:Show me another bag,please.请再给我看一个包。 定语:Other students are reading.有些学生在看书。特指: 主语:Two students spoke at the meeting.One was Mary. The other Was Peter.有两个学生在会上发言,一个是 玛丽,另一个是彼得。 宾语:I only know one of the boys.I don’t know the others. 这些男孩,我只认识一个,其余的都不认识。 定语:As a result,one of his legs is shorter than the other one. 结果,他的一条腿比另一条要短。 定语:Three of them were in the room.Where were the other boys?三个男孩在房间里。其他男孩在哪里? ②another表示“再、又”意思时,可与“数词+复数名词”连用: We’11 stay there for another two days. 我们要在那里再呆两天。 5.复合不定代词的句法作用 ①作主语:Someone is waiting for you outside.有人在外面等你。 ②作宾语:We don’t know anybody there.我们不认识那儿的任何人。 ③作表语:That’S nothing to me.我对此无所谓。 (3)复合不定代词被定语修饰时,定语需放在它们的后面: There is something wrong with the car.汽车有毛病了。 I've nothing important to do.我没要紧的事. |