华盛顿大学研究小组发现恐龙进化史的一些小秘密

A George Washington University expedition to the Gobi Desert戈壁大沙漠 of China has enabled researchers to solve the puzzle of how one group of dinosaurs came to look like birds independent of独立的，不受约束的 birds. The discovery extends the fossil record of the family Alvarezsauridae – a bizarre奇异的 group of bird-like dinosaurs with a large claw on the hand and very short, powerful arms – back 63 million years, further distancing the group from birds on the evolutionary tree. Until now, there was no direct evidence that dinosaurs of this type lived during the Late Jurassic侏罗纪, approximately 160 million years ago. George Washington University doctoral博士的 candidate Jonah Choiniere named the newly discovered species of dinosaur, Haplocheirus sollers (meaning simple, skillful hand). Mr. Choiniere's research is featured in the Jan. 29 issue of the journal Science. "Haplocheirus is a transitional过渡期的，变迁的 fossil, because it shows an early evolutionary step in how the bizarre hands of later alvarezsaurs evolved from earlier predatory食肉的，掠夺的 dinosaurs," said Mr. Choiniere. "The fossil also confirms our predictions that Alvarezsauridae should have been evolving in the Late Jurassic time period."

The fossil of the new species contains several distinguishing features that link it to Alvarezsauridae, the family of dinosaurs that includes species such as Mononykus (meaning one claw) and that was previously thought to be a flightless offshoot分支，支流 of ancient birds due to skeletal骨骼的 similarities. Despite the similarity between the skeletons, Mr. Choiniere's research demonstrates that the family Alvarezsauridae evolved in parallel并行的，平行的 to birds and did not descend from起源于 them. The new species shows some of the earliest evolutionary stages in the development of a short, powerful arm with a single functional claw that may have been used for digging termites白蚁类.

The Late Jurassic is an important time period for bird evolution, as evidence suggests that birds first evolved from theropod兽脚类的食肉恐龙, or bird-footed, dinosaurs at that time. Paradoxically自相矛盾地, fossils of dinosaurs closely related to birds from this time period are extremely rare, furthering the importance of Mr. Choiniere's work.

The ten-foot long, nearly complete skeleton of Haplocheirus sollers specimen was found preserved in river-lain rock in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of northwestern China, a region well-known for its Late Jurassic fossils. It was collected in 2004 during a series of expeditions to Xinjiang co-led by Dr. James Clark of GW and Dr. Xu Xing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, co-authors on the report. These expeditions were extremely successful, resulting in the discovery of a small, agile敏捷的，活泼的 relative of crocodilians鳄目动物 (Junggarsuchus sloani); the oldest horned dinosaur (Yinlong downsi); one of the oldest tyrannosaurs霸王龙 (Guanlong wucaii); and several skeletons of an unusual, toothless new ceratosaurian dinosaur (Limusaurus inextricabilis) that were buried while stuck in mud pits泥浆池. These discoveries were described in a TV documentary by National Geographic ("Dino Death Trap") and a June 2009 article in National Geographic Magazine.

"The primary goal of our expeditions was to find evidence of the theropod dinosaurs closest to birds, and the discovery of Haplocheirus is one of our major discoveries," said Dr. Clark. "This spectacular skeleton shows how the strange arms of Mononykus and other alvarezsaurs evolved from a more typically theropod grasping hand."

Theropod dinosaurs include charismatic, meat-eaters like Tyrannosaurus rex but also modern birds. Alvarezsaurs are one of several groups of theropods closely related to birds, including well-known species like Velociraptor迅猛龙.

This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences, the National Geographic Society, the Chinese National Science Foundation and The George Washington University.

"This NSF-supported research sheds light on阐明，解释 the poorly understood early evolution of birds in the Late Jurassic in China by eliminating alvarezsaurids as ancestors of the birds," said H. Richard Lane, program director in the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s Division of Earth Sciences.

Mr. Choiniere is a student of James Clark, the Ronald B. Weintraub Professor of Biology in The George Washington University's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, and first accompanied Dr. Clark on his excavations挖掘，发掘 in China in 2005.

"Faculty/student collaboration合作，通敌 to advance science and foster a better understanding of the world around us is a cornerstone基础，柱石 of our mission," said Peg Barratt, dean of the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. "I applaud the work of Dr. Clark and Mr. Choiniere for this truly significant evolutionary finding."