欧美多国强化防疫措施 要求民众在公共场合戴口罩

随着新冠肺炎疫情的扩散，欧美多国转变观念，开始要求民众在公共场合佩戴口罩。奥地利要求民众到超市购物时必须戴口罩，成为西欧第一个要求民众戴口罩的国家。德国耶拿决定效仿奥地利，要求人们在超市和乘坐公共交通工具时戴口罩。英国媒体开始教大家如何自制口罩。美国总统特朗普则推荐大家用围巾来替代口罩。

奥地利：去超市购物要戴口罩

Austrian supermarkets on Wednesday began handing out basic face masks to largely compliant shoppers before they become compulsory next week, though there remained some confusion about the new measure and uncertainty about its usefulness in fighting the coronavirus.

本周三（4月1日），奥地利的超市开始向顾客发放口罩，大部分人都能遵守要求，下周开始，在进入超市时戴口罩将成为强制要求。不过，仍有人对这项新措施感到困惑，也不确定这是否能有效防御新冠病毒。

Chancellor Sebastian Kurz said on Monday masks would soon be required in supermarkets and possibly later in public places in general.

奥地利总理塞巴斯蒂安·库尔茨于本周一（4月1日）称，很快就会要求民众去超市时佩戴口罩，今后可能还会要求大家在公共场所佩戴口罩。

"These masks are handed out in front of supermarkets," Kurz said. "It will be compulsory to wear them in supermarkets." He added that the goal was for people to wear them elsewhere in public, as well.

库尔茨说：“这些口罩在超市门口发放，在超市里必须戴着。”他补充说，目标是让人们在其他公共场合也佩戴口罩。

The masks are below medical grade, but Kurz said the new mandate would hopefully help slow the rate of infection.

这些口罩没有达到医用级别，但库尔茨表示，新规定有望帮助降低感染率。

"I am fully aware that masks are alien to our culture," he said. "This will require a big adjustment."

他说：“我很清楚，口罩与我们的文化格格不入。这需要人们转变观念。”

Neighboring Slovakia and the Czech Republic, which have far fewer cases, have introduced a more sweeping measure, making face masks compulsory outside the home. Support for wearing masks in public appears to be rising across Europe.

奥地利的邻国斯洛伐克和捷克共和国的新冠肺炎确诊病例要少得多，但两国已经采取了一项更全面的措施，要求人们出门必须戴口罩。在欧洲，要求在公共场所戴口罩的呼声越来越高。

“I believe he is right. Yes, Kurz is handling this correctly,” a shopper at a Vienna supermarket who gave only her first name, Martina, said after putting on a free mask.

“我相信他是对的。是的，库尔茨这样应对很正确，”维也纳一家超市的顾客玛蒂娜戴上免费口罩后说。

Austria borders Italy, one of the world’s hardest-hit countries but moved earlier in its outbreak to shut down schools, bars and other gathering places. Its more than 10,000 cases have yet to overwhelm its health system, but Kurz says that could happen in two weeks. There have been 146 deaths so far.

奥地利与意大利接壤，意大利是世界上受新冠肺炎疫情影响最严重的国家之一，但在疫情暴发初期，意大利就关闭了学校、酒吧和其他聚集场所。奥地利新冠肺炎确诊病例已超1万例，医疗系统仍在正常运行。但是库尔兹说，医疗系统可能在两周内崩溃。奥地利的新冠肺炎死亡病例有146例。

Kurz says the aim is to prevent the wearer coughing or sneezing on others and infecting them. The measure has been widely supported. The head of the opposition Social Democrats said masks should also be compulsory on public transport.

库尔茨说，要求戴口罩是为了防止人们朝着他人咳嗽或打喷嚏并感染他人。这项措施得到了广泛支持。反对党社会民主党领袖表示，人们乘坐公共交通工具时也应该强制戴口罩。

Masks will be compulsory in supermarkets and drug stores of more than 400 square meters as of Monday.

从下周一（4月6日）开始，奥地利超过400平方米的超市和药店将强制要求顾客佩戴口罩。

德国耶拿宣布“口罩强制令”

Shortly after Kurz's announcement, Germany signaled that it too might ask citizens to wear face masks in public once the country's lockdown measures are eased.

库尔茨宣布这一措施后不久，德国就表示，一旦封锁措施放松，或将同样要求民众在公共场合戴口罩。

Hanno Kautz, a spokesman for the German health ministry, was asked Monday at a regular news conference whether Germany was considering following Austria in requiring shoppers to wear non-medical face masks in supermarkets. Kautz responded that doing so could help protect others from contracting the illness if the person wearing the mask was infected.

德国卫生部发言人汉诺·考茨基本周一（3月30日）在例行新闻发布会上被问及，德国是否正在考虑效仿奥地利，要求人们在超市购物时佩戴非医用口罩。考茨基回应说，如果戴口罩的人患病，这样做可以保护其他人不受感染。

The city of Jena in eastern Germany has decided to make people wear face masks when shopping or traveling on public transport, stepping up efforts to curb coronavirus contagion and becoming the first city in the country to introduce the measure.

德国东部城市耶拿决定让人们在购物或乘坐公共交通工具时戴上口罩，加大力度遏制新冠肺炎疫情的蔓延，成为该国首个实施这一措施的城市。

contagion[kənˈteɪdʒən]：n.传染病；蔓延；触染

Jena, which has 119 coronavirus infections and an overall population of about 110,000, decided to follow the example of Austria.

耶拿总人口约为11万，新冠肺炎确诊病例有119例。该市决定效仿奥地利的做法。

“In a week’s time, wearing mouth and nose protection in shops in Jena, on public transport and buildings with public traffic will be compulsory,” Jena City Hall said in a statement.

耶拿市政厅在一份声明中说：“一周后，人们在耶拿的商店、公共交通和公共建筑内都必须戴口罩。”

Given shortages of protective masks, the city in the state of Thuringia said towels or scarves wrapped over peoples’ mouths and noses would be acceptable, and it encouraged individuals to sew their own.

由于防护口罩紧缺，位于图林根州的耶拿表示，人们也可以用毛巾或围巾裹住口鼻，并鼓励人们自己缝制口罩。

英国媒体教大家自制口罩

《卫报》3月31日早上发布视频，教大家如何正确佩戴口罩。

 《每日电讯报》发布报道，质问英国政府在口罩问题上是不是错了。

 英国《每日快报》在报道中教大家如何制作口罩，并解释需要戴口罩的原因。

 《泰晤士报》的报道标题醒目地写着，戴口罩可以有效减缓新冠病毒的传播。

 美国总统特朗普：美国人“可以戴围巾”来替代口罩

在当地时间3月31日的新闻发布会上，特朗普讨论了美国民众佩戴口罩的潜在需求。

Trump said that Americans “can wear scarves” in lieu of masks.

特朗普表示，美国人“可以戴围巾”来替代口罩。

in lieu of：代，代替

“You know, you can use a scarf. A lot of people have scarfs, and you can use a scarf. A scarf would be very good. My feeling is if people want to do it, there’s certainly no harm to it. I would say do it, but use a scarf if you want, rather than going out and getting a mask or whatever, we're making millions and millions of masks," Trump said when asked if he would recommend all Americans wear masks.

在被问及是否建议所有美国人戴口罩时，特朗普说：“你们知道，可以用围巾。很多人都有围巾，你们可以用围巾。围巾还是很好用的。我的感觉是如果人们想要戴口罩，肯定没坏处。我会说那就戴吧，但如果你们愿意的话就戴条围巾，而不是出门去买口罩或其他东西，我们正在生产数以百万计的口罩。”

Trump said he wants the masks being produced to go to hospitals that need them.

特朗普表示，他希望生产的口罩能够送到有需要的医院。

“We want them to go to the hospitals. But one of the things that Dr. Fauci told me today is we don’t want everybody competing with the hospitals where you really need them,” Trump added.

“我们希望把口罩送去医院，但今天福奇博士（国家过敏症和传染病研究所所长）告诉我，我们不希望每个人都与真正需要口罩的医院去抢口罩，”特朗普说。

世界卫生组织：专家委员会将对是否戴口罩做出评估

Should more of us wear face masks to help slow the spread of coronavirus?

是不是应该让更多人戴口罩来帮助减缓新冠病毒的传播呢？

This question is to be assessed by a panel of advisers to the World Health Organization (WHO).

这个问题将由世界卫生组织的一个专家委员会进行评估。

The group will weigh up research on whether the virus can be projected further than previously thought; a study in the US suggests coughs can reach 6m and sneezes up to 8m.

该委员会将评估病毒是否能喷射到比之前预期更远的距离。美国的一项研究表明，咳嗽喷出的飞沫传播距离可达6米，打喷嚏可达8米。

The panel's chair, Prof David Heymann, told BBC News that the new research may lead to a shift in advice about masks.

专家委员会主席大卫·海曼教授告诉英国广播公司新闻频道说，这项新研究可能会改变我们对戴口罩的建议。

He said that if the evidence is supported, then "it might be that wearing a mask is equally as effective or more effective than distancing."

他说，如果有证据支持，那么“戴口罩可能和保持距离一样有效，甚至更有效”。

But he adds a warning that masks need to be worn properly, with a seal over the nose. If they become moist, Prof Heymann explained, then particles can pass through. People must remove them carefully to avoid their hands becoming contaminated.

但他提醒说，需要正确佩戴口罩，口罩要有鼻部密封条。海曼教授解释说，如果口罩受潮，微粒就可以通过。人们摘口罩时必须小心，以免手被污染。

He adds that masks need to be worn consistently.

他补充说，口罩需要一直佩戴。

"It's not on to wear a mask and then decide to take it off to smoke a cigarette or eat a meal - it must be worn full time," he said.

他说：“不能戴上口罩后，再摘掉口罩抽支烟或吃顿饭，而是必须一直戴着口罩。”