牛津实用英语语法 255 不定式的完成式
A 形式 to have+过去分词: to have worked to have spoken B 与助动词连用 1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排(参见第114节): The house was to have been ready today. 这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有) 2与 should, would, might和 could一起构成条件完成时(参见第223节): If I had seen her I should have invited her. 我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。 3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节): He should have helped her. 他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做) I shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have lied to him. 我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了) 4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望(参见第 296节D): He would like to have seen it. 他本想看看它。(但没能看到) 这句也可写成: He would have liked to see it. 即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。 5 与could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性: I could have made a lot of money. 我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。) He could/might have phoned her. 他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。) (另参见第134节与第138节。) 6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒: He might/could have told me! 他本应告诉我! I am annoyed that he didn’t tell me. 他没告诉我,我很不高兴。(参见第285节D。) 7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作: He may/might have left.相当于: It is possible that he(has) left. 他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。) You might/could have been killed! (那时)你可能会送了命的! 8 与can’t/couldn’t连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节): He can’t/couldn’t have moved the piano himself. 这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。 We knew he couldn’t have paid for it,because he had no money. 我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。 9 与must连用表示肯定的推论(参见第156节): He must have come this way; here are his footprints. 他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。 10 与needn’t连用表示过去不必要的行为(另参见第152节与第153节): You needn’t have hurried. Now we are too early. 你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。 You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。 C 与某些别的动词连用 1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用 注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式: He seems to be a great athlete. 他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于: It seems that he is… 我们的印象是他是…… He seemed to be a great athlete. 那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于: It seemed that he was… 那时我们的印象是他是一名…… 不定式的完成式: He seems to have been… 他看来曾经是…相当于: It seems that he was… 我们的印象是他曾经是…… He seemed to have been… 那时看来他曾经是……相当于: It seemed that he had been… 那时我们的印象是他曾经是…… 这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。 其他例子如: I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于: It happened that I had driven that kind of car before. 碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。 He pretended to have read the book.相当于: He pretended that he had read it. 他假装曾经读过那本书。 2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand: He is understood to have left the country. 据了解他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。) 3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那么常见: He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于: He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June. 他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。 |