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备战2007年中考英语·十大词类复习全攻略二

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三、形容词（adj.）表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用

四、副词（adv.）表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子

（一）形容词的用法及位置

1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，作定语时一般放在名词前。

Eg. She has short hair.（作定语）

Paul is tall.（作表语）

We must keep our room clean.（作宾补）

2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。

eg.She has something important to tell us.／

There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.

（二）副词的种类、用法及位置

1.副词的种类

（1）时间副词

①表示大体时间：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far

②表示频率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never

③其它作用：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally

（2）地点副词

①表地点：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,

nowhere,somewhere.

②表位置关系（后接宾语时，用作介词）：

above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,

away,near,off,past

（3）方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”，（此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成）：

badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,

politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,

wrongly,suddenly.

（4）程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much,（a）little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly

（5）疑问副词构成特殊疑问句：how,when, where,why

（6）连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how,when,where,why

（7）关系副词引导定语从句：when,where,why

（8）其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：

frankly（坦率地说,说真的），generally（一般说来），luckily（幸运地是），first of all（首先）等。

2.副词的用法及位置

（1）修饰动词作状语

①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。

eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.

She speaks English well.

The nurse looks after the babies carefully.

②频度副词放在动词前，情态动词和助动词之后。

eg.He always goes to school On foot.

She was often late for school.

I have never been to Beijing·

（2）修饰形容词作状语，放在形容词前。

eg.He has a very nice watch.

The box is too heavy.

（3）修饰另一副词作状语，放在另一副词前。

eg.She paints quite well.

You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.

（4）作表语，放在系动词后。

eg.Is anybody in？

（5）作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。

eg.I saw him out just now.

（6）作定语,放在名词之后。

eg.There is a man：here On vacation.

（7）疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词，一般放在句首。

eg.Finally,I finished the work.

Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.

（8）表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前，而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。

eg. He is old enough to go to school.

（三）形容词和副词的比较等级

1.比较级、最高级的构成

（1）单音节和少数双音节词

①一般在词尾加er或est

great——greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest

②以e结尾的只加r或st

nice——nicer——nicest,large——larger—largest.

③以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i,再加er或est

heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest,

busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,

early——earlier→earliest

④以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er或est

big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—fatter→fattest,

fitt—fitter→fittest

（2）多音节和部分双音节词，前加more为比较级，加（the）most为最高级

careful→more careful——most careful

useful——more useful——most useful

popular→more popular→most popular

carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly

（3）不规则变化的词

good／well→better→best

bad／ill／badly→worse→worst

many／much→more→most

little→less→least

old→older／elder→oldest（指年龄大小）／eldest（指长幼顺序）

far→farther／further→farthest（指距离）／furthest（指程度）

2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法

（1）形容词和副词比较级的用法

①用于两者比较，表示“比…更…”：

“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,

eg.I am two years older than my little sister.

“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B：

eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.

②用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“…和…一样”：

“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,

eg.Bill is as funny as his father.

“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”

eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.

③表示甲在某方面不如乙：

“A+系动词+notas／so+形容i司原级+as十B”

eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.

“A+助动词／情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS／SO+B”

eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.

④表示某个范围内的两者相比：

“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语（比较范围）” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。

⑤表示“越来越…”：“比较级+and+比较级”

eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天，白天变得越来越长。

⑥表示“越…越…”：“the+比较级…the+比较级”

eg.The mort：you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。

①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。

eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点；

it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷

⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。

eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。

The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。

（3）形容词和副词最高级的用法

对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the；后面可带of／in短浯来说明比较范围：

“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语／in短语”

eg.She is the youngest Of　all.

“A+谓语动词+（the）+最高级+of短语／in短语”

eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.

冠词
五、冠词（art.）用在名词前,帮助说明其意义

冠词分为不定冠词a／an和定冠词the,放在名词前、a／3n用在单数可数名词前（a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前）。

1.不定冠词

（1）不定冠词的用法

①泛指—类人或物。

eg.This is a pencil case.

She’S a doctor.

②指不具体的某个人或物。

eg.I met an old man On my way home.

③用在序数词前,相当于another.

eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.

④表示“每—（个）”,相当于every.

eg.They have music lessons twice a week.

⑤固定搭配。

a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such a／an, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo

（2）不定冠词的位置

①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。

eg,a bike,an egg

②当名词被such,what,many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。

eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.

He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.

What a dangerous job it is！

Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.

③当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。

Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the　blind man to the station.

How nice a film this is！

④当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时，不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。

eg.It is quite a good book.

That is rather a useful too1.

This is a very interesting story

2.定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。

eg：l have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy’s name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.

（2）特指某（些）人或物。

eg： The girl in a red dress comes from America.

（3）指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。

eg： My shoes are under the bed.

（4）用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。

eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.

（5）用在序数词前。

eg Monday is the second day of a week.

（6）yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前（如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等）。

cg The moon moves round the earth.

（7）用在某些形容词前，表示—类人或物。

the　rich（富人）,the poor（穷人）,the deaf（聋人）,the blind（盲人）,the dead（死者）,the wounded（伤员）

（8）用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。

eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.

（9）用在乐器前。

eg.play the piano／guitar／violin／drums.

（10）用于逢“十”的复数数词前，指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。

eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown.

I think he is in the thirties.

（11）用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。

the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,the（more）……

the（more）…“越…越…”

3.不用冠词的情况

（1）名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。

eg.That girl is my friend.

（2）名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their等时不用冠词。

eg.Lucy is her sister.

（3）名词前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。

eg.Which man is Mr Green？

Each student has a beautiful picture.

（4）复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。

eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.

（5）物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。