2007年8月7日 恐怖组织的"人力资源"

三周前在伦敦和格拉斯哥发生的未遂恐怖袭击让很多人感到惊讶，其原因有二：一是嫌犯都是受过教育的医学专业人士，而不是绝望的、未受过教育的流浪汉；二是这件事竟然弄得如此糟糕。

The attempted terrorist attacks in London and Glasgow three weeks ago surprised many people for two reasons: that the suspects were all educated medical professionals rather than desperate, uneducated vagrants; and that the job should have been botched so badly.

如今看来，受过教育的专业人士可能会从事恐怖活动，这一点不应太过令人吃惊。我的同事吉迪恩o拉赫曼(Gideon Rachman)曾提醒我们，奥萨马o本o拉登(Osama bin Laden)就是一个出自极端富裕家庭的工程师，他的副手也是一名医生。

That educated professionals might turn to terrorism should not, by now, be much of a surprise. My colleague Gideon Rachman has reminded us that Osama bin Laden is an engineer who comes from a fabulously wealthy family and his deputy is a doctor.

新书《恐怖分子从何而来？》(What Makes a Terrorist?)的作者、经济学家艾伦o克鲁格(Alan Krueger)对有关证据进行了系统性研究，希望对这种现象一探究竟。他的结论是：恐怖分子、政治极端分子和仇恨罪罪犯，通常都相对比较富裕。

The economist Alan Krueger, author of a new book called What Makes a Terrorist?, explores this phenomenon with a systematic study of the evidence. He concludes that terrorists, political extremists and those who commit hate crimes are often relatively well-to-do.

这件事很难证实，主要原因是上述每一个范畴都是有争议的，而且有时候两个地方（例如北爱尔兰和斯里兰卡）的情况天差地别。克鲁格浏览了不同来源的资料（每个来源都有缺点），试图根据民意调查、恐怖分子传记和更广泛的研究来构建一幅令人信服的图景。

This is a difficult thing to prove, not least because each of those categories is controversial and there is a world of difference between, say, Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka. Krueger dips into different sources of data, each one imperfect, trying to build up a compelling picture from opinion polls, biographies of terrorists and broader studies.

2001年12月在加沙和约旦河西岸进行的民意调查显示，相对于失业人员和体力劳动者，学生和专业人士更有可能提出，恐怖主义行为可能是正当的，也更有可能认为，在特拉维夫一家夜总会发生的自杀性炸弹袭击不应被称为"恐怖行动"。（在这些问题上，调查显示出更多的一致性而非分歧，但显然不能证明教育或财富会让人观点更趋温和。）

Opinion polls from Gaza and the West Bank, conducted in December 2001, show that students and professionals are more likely than the unemployed or labourers to say that terrorism can be justified, and more likely to deny that a suicide bombing in a Tel Aviv night club should be described as "a terrorist act". (The polls reveal more unanimity than disagreement on these points, but certainly offer no evidence that education or wealth leads to more moderate views.)

在普林斯顿就读研究生时，年轻的经济学家克劳德o白莱比(Claude Berrebi)收集了40多个巴勒斯坦自杀式炸弹袭击者的资料，得出结论：这些人比普通巴勒斯坦人的受教育程度更高，也更富有。克鲁格用129个黎巴嫩真主党战士的传记，对这幅图景进行了补充。这些人在试图实施恐怖袭击时做出了不必要的牺牲。同样，与同时代的普通黎巴嫩青年相比，他们的受教育程度更高一些，受穷的可能性更低。

When a graduate student at Princeton, the young economist Claude Berrebi gathered data on more than 40 Palestinian suicide bombers; he concluded that they were far better educated than the typical Palestinian, and also richer. Krueger offers a complementary picture using biographies of 129 Hizbollah fighters killed in action, although not necessarily while attempting a terrorist attack. They, too, were somewhat better educated and less likely to be poor than the typical young Lebanese man of the time.

更多的间接证据来自对仇恨犯罪的研究，这些犯罪被视为与恐怖主义有着类似之处。经济动机在此还是难觅踪迹。"每当棉花价格走低（显示经济陷入困难时期）的时候，美国南部的私刑就会更常见"，这曾经是人们的常识。但如今，历史学家们再也不相信两者之间存在关联了。总体而言，仇恨犯罪在经济低迷时期似乎并不更常见，虽然经济学家艾米莉o奥斯特(Emily Oster)似乎在中世纪的政治迫害中发现了一个例外，那就是：在农作物歉收时，政治迫害更为常见。

More indirect evidence comes from studies of hate crimes, which are thought to have some parallels with terrorism. Again, economic motives are hard to find. It was once the conventional wisdom that lynchings in the American south were more common whenever cotton prices were low, indicating tough times for the economy. Historians no longer believe in the correlation. In general, hate crimes do not seem to be more common in economic downturns - although the economist Emily Oster seems to have found an exception in medieval witch-hunts, which were more common when crops failed.

总而言之，克鲁格收集的研究结果显示，如果说贫穷、教育和恐怖主义之间有联系的话，那也是与人们的普遍看法相反。在看到恐怖分子能写会算，甚至还能开处方时，我们不应感到惊讶。

All in all, the research that Krueger gathers together suggests that if there is a link between poverty, education and terrorism, it is the opposite of the one popularly assumed. We should not be surprised to find that terrorists can add up, read, and even write prescriptions.

更令人惊奇的是，伦敦和格拉斯哥的袭击者竟然如此无能。克劳德o白莱比和哈佛大学经济学家艾弗莱姆o本米莱克(Efraim Benmelech)研究了巴勒斯坦恐怖集团的"人力资源政策"。他们发现，年长的、受教育程度较高的恐怖主义分子会得到更重要的自杀任务，杀死的人也更多。比如说，受过高中以上教育的人逃脱追捕的几率要高出一倍。

What is more surprising is that the attackers in London and Glasgow were so incompetent. Claude Berrebi and the Harvard economist Efraim Benmelech studied - there's no nice way to put this - the human-resources policies of Palestinian terrorist groups. They found that older, better-educated terrorists secured more important suicide missions and killed more people. Having more than a high school education doubles the chance of escaping capture, for example.

如果这次的恐怖分子的确是那些涉嫌犯罪的医生或其它专业人士，那将证明，即便是多年的教育和经验也不能确保袭击的成功。炸死无辜的人显然比表面上更困难，我们都应该对此感到庆幸。

If the terrorists in this case do turn out to be the doctors and other professionals who are, as I write, suspected of the crime, it would demonstrate that even years of education and experience do not guarantee a successful attack. Blowing up innocent people is obviously harder than it looks, and for that we can all be grateful.